PEACE PSYCHOLOGY
PEACE PSYCHOLOGY
* ** *** **** Dr.NVSSURYANARAYANA VANGAPANDU Neelima J. GOTETI HIMABINDU RAMESH
Introduction:
Peace Psychology is a broad discipline such as conflict and the need for peace is produced in all human fields. Peace psychology research has been conducted in a variety of contexts examine such disparate concerns as domestic violence, school shootings, the structural forms of violence (for example, and institutionalized forms of bias the systematic violation of human rights), and mass violence, including ethno-political conflict, genocide, terrorism and war. Peace psychologists also have worked to develop and evaluate programs aimed at teaching concepts and strategies of peace, conflict resolution skills effectively and reconciliation and post-conflict reconstruction. These programs have been implemented throughout the world with populations as diverse as school-age children in the United States States to the Rwandan genocide survivors.
Peace psychology is not an independent discipline. Rather, based on research from other disciplines outside and within psychology, including but not limited to clinical psychology, social psychology, political psychology, psychology media, developmental psychology, political science, history, education, sociology, international relations and peace studies.
peace psychology can be defined as the study of mental processes that lead to violence, violence prevention, and facilitate non-violence, and promoting fairness, respect, and dignity for all, with the aim of making violence a fact less likely and helping to heal their psychological effects "Another definition is that" peace psychology seeks to develop theories and practices aimed at prevention and mitigation of violence direct and structural. framed positively, promote peace psychology nonviolent management of conflict and the pursuit of social justice, what we mean such as peace building and peace, respectively (Christie,
Wagner, and Winter, 2000). Despite peace psychology has links to all branches of psychology, there are particularly strong links to social psychology, political psychology and community psychology and positive psychology. Peace psychologists have developed a number of issues over the years. The psychological causes of war
and other forms of violence is an issue of such, and the consequences psychological. Alongside these are the causes and consequences of conduct to counter violence commonly known as non-violence or non-violent action. Other remedies for violent behavior include peace education and conflict resolution. In early
years, attention focused on international affairs. Through time interested in the psychology of peace that the greatest threats is commonly thought that other forms of violence are the precursors of the war, the share of the war many from the same causes and consequences, and are at peace even in the absence of open warfare. These include domestic violence,
hate crimes, the death penalty, and abuse of medicine, and institutional arrangements that foster poverty or environmental degradation.
Meaning of peace:
Peace is an attribute that describes a society or a relationship that is functioning smoothly. This is commonly understood as the absence hostility, or the existence of international relationships or healthy or recently healed, safety or economic welfare, the recognition of equality and equity in political relations and in world affairs, in peacetime, a state of being absent from any war or conflict. Reflection on the nature of peace also has to do with considerations of the causes of their absence or loss. Among these possible causes are: insecurity, social injustice, economic inequality, political and religious radicalism and acute racism and nationalism.
Inner peace (or peace of mind) refers to a state of being mentally and spiritually in peace, with sufficient knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Being "at peace" is considered by many to be the otherwise healthy homeostasis of being stressed or anxious. Peace of mind is generally associated with joy and happiness.
Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes or gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be resolved peacefully, calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military war and opposition to any organization of society through the force of government to reject the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social objectives, opposition to violence under any circumstance, including defense of self and others.
Peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as end of a particular war (or all wars), minimize violence among humans in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the objective to achieve world peace. The means to achieve these ends usually include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycott, moral purchasing, Support anti-war political candidates, demonstrations, and lobbying to build. The leaders of any movement for peace will never be forgotten for his courage to make a better world will always be a scar that can not be removed. Gandhi Take, for example (see Satyagraha), was once one of the leaders greater peace movement, to which unfortunately died of murder on 30 January 1948.
MEANING OF THE WAR:
The war must be understood as a deliberate and widespread armed conflict between political communities real. Therefore, punches between individuals do not count as a war or a gang fight or a fight in the order of the Hatfields against the McCoys. War is a phenomenon that occurs only between political communities, defined as those entities are the states or the intention to become states (in order to allow civil war).
The mere threat of war, and the presence of mutual contempt between political communities is not sufficient as indicators of war. The clash of arms must be real, not merely dormant, so it counts as war. In addition, the real conflict must be intentional and widespread, isolated clashes between rogue officers, or border patrols do not count as acts of war. The onset of war requires a conscious commitment and a major mobilization on the part of the belligerents concerned. There is no real war, so to speak, until the fighters intent to go to war and until they do it with a heavy quantum of force.
MAKING PEACE:
Establishment peace is a form of conflict resolution that focuses on the establishment of unequal power relations that will be robust enough to prevent future conflicts, and establish some form of agreeing on ethical decisions within a community that has previously had conflict.
Establishment peace is the process of forging an agreement between the disputing parties. While this can be done in direct negotiations with only the two parties in dispute, is also often with a third party mediator, to help with issues of process and communication, and helps the parties work effectively together to draft a viable peace agreements. In general, the official diplomatic negotiators, while citizens are becoming involved in the process of peacemaking even more. While not negotiate final agreements, diplomacy citizen is becoming an increasingly common way to start the process of peacemaking, which then ended with an official diplomatic efforts.
The process of peacemaking is distinct from the reasons of pacifism or the use of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience techniques, while often practiced by the same people. In fact, those who master the techniques nonviolent violence under extreme pressure, and lead others in the resistance, have demonstrated the rare ability not to react to violent provocation in kind, and the difficult skill to keep a group of people who suffer from violent oppression, and well coordinated through that experience.
There are many organizations involved in the peacemaking. Center for Conflict Resolution (South Africa), the Center for Humanitarian Dialogue (Switzerland), Community of San Egidio (Italy), Intergovernmental Authority on Development (Djibouti), International Alert (UK), the of African Unity (Ethiopia), response to conflict (United Kingdom), Search for Common Ground (United States), United Nations Reverend Sun Myung Moon, the Federation Universal Peace, swisspeace (Switzerland).
PEACE-BUILDING:
Peacebuilding is defined as "The process of restoring normal relations between people. It requires the reconciliation of differences, apology and forgiveness of past damage and establishment of a cooperative relationship between the groups, replacing the adversarial relationship that existed or competition. "This definition based on approach Several experts on the relational dimension of peacebuilding.
Peace building is a process of building relationships and institutions that support peaceful transformation of conflict.
CATEGORY OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE PEACE:
Plead for Change: Advocates and activists trying to win support for change by
Increasing the power of a group to deal with problems and conditions are ripe necessary
Transform relations.
The reduction of direct violence: Speakers, try to reduce direct violence, restricting
perpetrators of violence, to alleviate the immediate suffering of victims of violence and
the creating a safe space for the activities of peacebuilding in other categories that address the
causes of violence.
Transforming Relationships: Controllers aim to transform destructive relationships
With a series of processes that address trauma, transform the conflict and restore a sense of justice. These processes give people opportunities to create long term sustainable
Solutions to meet their needs.
Capacity Building: term peace-building efforts to improve longer-existing capabilities
meet the needs and rights and prevent violence. These activities are designed to build just structures
that support a culture lasting peace.
TEN STEPS TO PEACE OF CONCENTRATION:
- Dialogue: Violence is attractive to many because it seems like a shortcut. This is a translation of the feelings of anger and resentment into immediate action, to take matters into their own hands, to demonize the enemy that looks like it deserves the consequences might happen. It is much more difficult and requires patience, patience and self-discipline to keep anger the control, to listen, to try to see all sides to find long term solutions, rather than yield to the impulse of the moment and participate in a violent reaction. Our religions should be taught that violence is shortsighted and ultimately ineffective. Only shows which party is stronger, never what is right.
- Development: Peace will never be achieved as long as the masses of people live in poverty, while others have more than they need. Despair leads people to the destructive acts, in which they feel they have nothing to lose. When people have hope, when hope the future could be better than the past, they are more willing to accept that injustice is just part of life, not all of it. Religions should focus on effective programs for sustainable development - Employment, education, housing, health - that give people reason to hope. It should be emphasized war is a colossal waste of human resources.
- Democratization: People on every continent want governments to express and respond to their basic needs and desires. They want their voice heard by governments, and want the legal and non-violent ways to oust corrupt officials who use political power to enrich themselves and ignoring the needs of the people. We will not have peace without governments that are representative of the people and respond to their demands. Religious groups can make a contribution to peace, promoting the democratization process and honest government for all peoples of the world. "
- Human dignity: Wars and violent actions affecting the common people Above all, they basically want to move on with his life, raise their children, and enjoy the basic pleasures of family, home, and friendship. propaganda in times of war focuses on enemy Ael, @ by which means individual leaders or groups of power, but religions must continually place emphasis where it belongs on innocent people that suffer most from the consequences of any violent conflict. Even religions that allow the war in some circumstances, to insist on the inviolability of the civilian population. They should ask themselves seriously whether the techniques of modern warfare that primarily affect civilians, including aerial bombings, rockets and heat-seeking missiles, landmines, and economic sanctions, never be justified.
- Justice: We will never achieve peace without justice? Is it realistic to even talk about peace without justice? It would be like a doctor trying to cure a patient regardless of wound injury. Although perfect justice never happen in this world, religions must fight together to defend victims of injustice and oppression and build structures that give a greater justice than people. This commitment must be universal, not just the defense of our group when you're a victim, but to defend and work for justice for all.
- The Forgiveness: Justice is not enough to bring peace, because we all carry a burden of past mistakes. While the evils and injustices suffered are remembered, but not forgive, resentment remains and forms the basis of judgments against the other and continued in the slightest provocation can turn into anger and hatred. All our religions teach us to forgive, although there are probably no human act more difficult. The followers of religion should see forgiveness, not as weakness or indifference, but in a constructive manner as the only way to overcome the past and build a future. The alternative, refusing to forgive make us prisoners of our history earlier condemned to relive and dwell forever in our complaints.
- Acknowledging Guilt: This is the other side forgiveness. The burden is not only the injured party, whether national, ethnic or religious group. The group who made mistakes can make the process less difficult forgiveness for recognition of their acts of violence and oppression. We know from personal experience that's never easy to be self-critical, recognizing that we have hurt others, apologize. The same is true of nations and religious groups. The natural tendency is to engage in self-justification, to point out how the other was also fault. But if peace is ever to reach our religious convictions should lead us to an honest admission of our own misdeeds.
- Simplicity of life: This is an element of peace is often overlooked. All religions studied people calls for a simple lifestyle, allowing you to enjoy in moderation the good things of creation, but warning of the dangers of greed, excess, and selfishness. We must be aware, however, that the ideology of consumerism and materialism that is dominant in the modern world, the powerful economic forces and a advertising industry is working together to promote the idea that the value of a person is determined by what one owns. In today's global culture, religious ideals of moderation, generosity and solidarity have become counter-cultural. Needless much imagination to see how greed, competition for markets and resources control, and aggressive economic rivalry leading to conflict and war. Religions should counter this trend by reaffirming the important shamelessly value of simplicity, the key is not ultimately the bottom line. There more to life than pleasure and possessions.
- Solidarity with the human family: Our religions should insist that our profound loyalty is to the welfare of the human family. We must be prepared to take the just causes of peoples and nations elsewhere, the real issue for their welfare, for defend their rights. The indifference and rugged individualism allows suffering, victimization and violence that occurs on the world stage. Our religious beliefs must lead to active solidarity with our brothers and sisters, not just our group.
- Education for peace: the majority of our nations War College, where students can learn the art and techniques of war, but few government ministries and universities have centers for the study of peace. The study of peace seems to be a soft issue and lacking scientific and academic discipline. However, if one is not to fall in general superficial, needs a serious investigation and research to analyze the root causes of conflict, the only interaction of political, historical, economic, social, psychological and religious underlying a given conflict or war. As important as a study area are the techniques of conflict transformation and consolidation peace. Peace is not easy to build, and does not occur without human initiative, creative thinking and conscious effort. Our religions can contribute to the consolidation of peace by making peace curriculum for our schools and the establishment of centers for the study of peace. By working together to make our universities based on religion and school labs for peace and through the exchange of human and financial resources for education for peace, religious groups would credibility testimony of our commitment to world peace.
REFERENCE:
- Christie Wagner DJ, RV & Winter, DD (2001). Peace, conflict and violence: peace psychology for the 21st century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. - Galtung. J. (1969). Violence, peace, peace, and research. Journal of Peace Research, 6, 167-191.
- MacNair, RM (2003). The Psychology of Peace: An Introduction. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
- Lackey, D. "A modern theory of just war ', Ethics (April 1982), 540-6. The ethics of war and peace. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.
- Lauterpacht, H. International Law vols. 3 and 4: The Law of Peace of Cambridge.: Cambridge University Press, 1977-1978 York International. Human Rights: Rights. New Archon Books, 1968.
- Levinson, S. "The responsibility for the crimes of" War, Philosophy and Public Affairs (1972-73), 244-73.
- Miller, RB interpretations of conflicts: ethics, pacifism and the just war tradition:. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1991.
About the Author
* Dr. N.V.S.Suryanarayana, M.Sc (Chem)., M.Sc (Applied Psychology)., M.Sc (Geo)., M.A (Eng)., M.A (Phil)., M.A (CC&E)., PGDCA., PGDEPM., PGDIPM., CFA., CPFN., Certificate in Guidance & Counseling (IGNOU)., C.Yoga & Con., M.Ed., M.Phil.(Education)., Ph.D (Education)., Coordinator & Teaching Associate, Department of Education, Andhra University Campus, Vizianagaram, (AP)., Ph. 08922 – 229339, Mobile- +91 9440348609, +91 7893136613, India, e-Mail – suryanarayananistala@yahoo.in. suryanarayana_nvs@yahoo.com
National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Awards
